Cognitive Health: Prevention Matters

A vital part of healthy aging and maintaining a good quality of life is having good cognitive health. “Cognition is a combination of mental processes that includes the ability to learn new things, intuition, judgment, language and remembering” (Centers for Disease Control, 2008). Memory loss is often associated with cognitive decline, but there are a whole spectrum of symptoms ranging from loss of problem solving skills to more severe disorders like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Given the dramatic aging of the U.S. population, the need for clearly defined risk reduction for cognitive decline is crucial.
There are now about 45 million Americans over age 60 and 117 million over age 40. Current evidence indicates that a large number of them are at substantial risk for cognitive impairment from many causes as they age and taking the following steps can decrease your risk:
• lowering cholesterol and homocysteine levels
• lowering high blood pressure levels
• controlling inflammation
• exercising regularly
• education
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Engaging in intellectually stimulating activities, such as social interaction, playing a musical instrument, chess or crossword puzzles may significantly hinder cognitive decline and lower risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. While researchers aren’t sure what causes people with cognitive decline to later develop dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, steps can be taken to maintain brain health and allow older Americans to maintain their independence and enjoy the golden years of their life.

Resources:
Centers for Disease Control – Healthy Brain Initiative
Healthy Aging Research Network (PRC-HAN)
National Institutes of Health Cognitive and Emotional Health Project: The Healthy Brain
National Institute on Aging
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Bullying Risks

Bullying Risks

With the new wave of technology comes a plethora of new ways to bully. Bullying is a form of violence against another person. Violence has always been part of our society and it probably always will be part of our society. Bullying does not always have to be part of our society. According to the Stop Bullying Now website, bullying is usually recurring and includes:
• Punching, shoving and other acts that hurt people physically
• Spreading bad rumors about people
• Keeping certain people out of a "group"
• Teasing people in a mean way
• Getting certain people to "gang up" on others
• Sending mean text, e-mail, or instant messages
• Posting nasty pictures or messages about others in blogs or on Web sites
• Using someone else's user name to spread rumors or lies about someone

Bullies that are male tend to be physically bigger than their peers and typically stronger. They also tend to have a higher self-esteem and a lower tolerance for frustration. Bullies generally have a pro-violence attitude and are physically aggressive. They usually have a strong need to dominate and have very little empathy towards the people they are targeting.

Parents of bullies have an extreme parenting style, they are either too permissive or to harsh on punishments. These parents tend to offer very little emotional support to their children. Parents who tend to not monitor their child’s activities or parents that have little involvement in their child’s life tend to have children who demonstrate bullying behaviors.

Males and females usually have very different approaches to bullying. According to one study, males tend to use the more physical aspects of bullying, for example, hitting, pushing, or shoving, while females demonstrated the more verbal aspects of bullying, including rumors and sexual comments.

For more information on bullying visit:
http://www.safeyouth.org
http://www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov

The Effects of Bullying

The Effects of Bullying

Bullying occurs when someone hurts or scares another person for no reason and the victim of the bullying has a hard time defending themselves. All too often an adult’s response to bullying is “it’s just a fact of life” or “it’s no big deal, you’re not alone”. Unfortunately, bullying is a serious issue among today’s youth and needs to be addressed, not pushed to the side.

Studies show that between 15-25% of U.S. students are bullied frequently. In addition, 15-20% also reported that they bully others frequently. Those that are bullied suffer severe complications. Youth that are bullied frequently can become so scared that they will skip school to avoid the torment. In fact, as many as 160,000 students may stay home on any given day because they are afraid of being a victim of bullying at school.

Furthermore, youth that engage in bullying suffer other problems later on in life. Bullies are more likely to skip school and drop out, smoke, drink alcohol, get into fights, vandalize property, and drop out of school. 60% of male youth who were bullies in middle school had at least one criminal conviction by the age of 24. This statistic clearly illustrates that bullying is not “just a fact of life” but actually is a habit that an individual can pick up and carry with them for life. These bullying behaviors can stick with an individual and impair their ability to develop and maintain positive relationships not only in the adolescence but in their adulthood as well.

Bullies tend to target youth that are anxious, insecure, and cautious and often suffer fro low self-esteem. They rarely are able to defend themselves or retaliate to those that bully them. Victims of bullies are generally lacking in social skills and socially isolated. One study found that the most frequent reason for bullying an individual is that they “don’t fit in”. When an individual is bullied then tend to become tense, anxious and naturally afraid. In some cases this can lead to a lack of concentration in school and even avoidance of school all together.
The most serious implication that bullying has on an individual is self-esteem. Victims of bullying tend to lose self-esteem and as a result self-worth. This can cause serious problems not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. Social isolation is also a common result of bullying. Social isolation can also bring depression and withdrawal, anxiety and insecurity. In some extreme cases the victim of bullying can suffer long- term consequences. For example, researchers have found that even years after the bullying had ceased; adults who were bullied as youth have higher levels of depression and reduced levels of self-esteem than other adults.

For more information on bullying visit:
http://www.safeyouth.org
http://www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov

Alzheimer's and dementia

The population in America today is aging. There are now 34 million Americans over 65, and as the baby boomers near retirement that number is only increasing. As the population’s landscape is changing, so is the landscape of health concerns. Alzheimer’s and dementia are affecting more and more Americans and at younger and younger ages.
These diseases are complex and often difficult to understand, but a closer look is necessary if we hope to slow their growth and hopefully one day find cures. Dementia is defined as the loss of memory, reason, judgment and language. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. As we age, some loss of memory is to be expected, but severe loss of memory and judgment is not normal.
The human brain is made up of cells called neurons and support cells called glial cells. There are over 100 Billion neurons in the human brain, and they are connected by over 100 Trillion synapses. Under normal conditions, neurons in the brain can live up to and even over 100 years. In an aging brain neurons can shrink and damage from free radicals increase. In an aging brain, tangles and plaques can also occur, and are thought to be related to dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease. Plaques and Tangles can occur under normal circumstances, but occur more often with Alzheimer’s and dementia. Plaques are remnants of cells that can stick to the neurons and make the less effective. Tangles are tiny tubes and filaments that tangle within neurons make it more difficult for them to send electrical impulses.
While we do not know exactly what causes dementia, we do know some things that we can do that have been show to reduce the risk. We know that getting enough physical exercise has many different benefits, but not everyone know that physical exercise can help reduce the risk of dementia. The increased blood flow to the brain that can result from exercise is thought to help reduce the risk of dementia. Social interaction and actively engaging your mind on a regular basis has also been shown to reduce the risk of dementia, and even to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s by 47%.



Bibliography

1. Can Alzheimer’s Disease be prevented? The National Institute on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services, June 2006.
2. Multi-Infarct Dementia Fact Sheet. Alzheimer’s Disease Education & Referral Center, The National Institute on Aging, July 2003.
3. Alzheimer’s Disease Unraveling The Mystery The National Institute on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services, December 2003

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STD Prevention and Awareness

How to prevent getting an STD:

• Consider that not having sex or sexual relations is the only sure way to prevent STDs.
• Use a latex condom every time you have sex. (If you use a lubricant, make sure it is water-based.)
• Limit your number of sexual partners. The more partners you have, the more likely you are to catch an STD.
• Practice monogamy. This means having sex with only one person. That person must also have sex with only you to reduce your risk.
• Choose your sex partners with care. Don't have sex with someone whom you suspect may have an STD.
• Get checked for STDs. Don't risk giving the infection to someone else.
• Don't use alcohol or drugs before you have sex. You may be less likely to use a condom if you are drunk or high.
• Know the signs and symptoms of STDs. Look for them in yourself and your sex partners.
• Learn about STDs. The more you know about STDs, the better you can protect yourself.

* The most common STDs for high school and college students are:

• Genital herpes
• Human papilloma virus/Genital warts
• Hepatitis B
• Chlamydia
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea ("Clap")

What do I do after I get an STD?

The first thing you should do once you think you may have an STD is to see a doctor and seek treatment as soon as possible. You should also stop having sex with other people until you know for sure. Many STDs are treated with antibiotics. If you are given an antibiotic to treat an STD, it’s important that you take all of your medicine, even if your symptoms go away. Also, never take someone else’s medicine to treat your disease. By doing so, you may make it more difficult to treat the infection. Likewise, you should not share your medicine with others. If you do have an STD, it is easy to prevent spreading the disease to others.

• Stop having sex until you see a doctor and are treated.
• Follow your doctor's instructions for treatment.
• Use condoms whenever you have sex, especially with new partners.
• Don't resume having sex unless your doctor says it's okay, when both you and your partners are infection free.
• Return to your doctor to get rechecked.
• Be sure your sex partner or partners also are treated.

National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from the Department of Health and Human Services’ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Web Site: http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common infections in the United States today, and the number of cases of STDs continues to increase dramatically worldwide. These are critical global and national health priorities because of the devastating impact on men, women, and infants, not to mention the interrelationships with HIV/AIDS. It is estimated that more than 19 million US citizens are affected by STDs each year (NIAID and CDC).

STDs are diseases that can be spread through intimate sexual contact (including have vaginal, oral, or anal sex) with someone who already has the disease. Researchers have identified over twenty different kinds of STDs, which can fall into two main groups:

Bacterial STDs- these diseases can be treated (and often cured) with antibiotics. Some common bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis (NICHD).

Viral STDs- These diseases, caused by viruses, can be controlled, but not cured. Someone who contracts a viral STD will always have it. Some common viral STDs include HIV/AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts, human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis B virus, and cytomegalovirus (NICHD).

Prevention

Understanding the basic facts about STDs—the ways in which they are spread, their common symptoms, and how they can be treated—is the first step toward preventing them. (NIAID) The surest way to avoid transmission, however, is to abstain from sexual intercourse all together, or to be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested negative for STDs. For those whose sexual behaviors put them at risk for STDs, correct and consistent use of the male latex condom can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of STD transmission. Incorrect use of condoms can lead to condom slippage or breakage and thus diminish their protective effect. Likewise, inconsistent use (failure to use condoms with every act of intercourse) can lead to STD transmission since transmission can occur with just a single act of intercourse with an infected partner (CDC).

In June 2000, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), convened a workshop to evaluate the published evidence establishing the effectiveness of latex male condoms in preventing STDs, including HIV. A summary report from that workshop was completed in July 2001, which stated, “Latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly, are highly effective in preventing transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. In addition, correct and consistent use of latex condoms can reduce the risk of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including discharge and genital ulcer diseases. While the effect of condoms in preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is unknown, condom use has been associated with a lower rate of cervical cancer, an HPV-associated disease” (CDC).

Transmission

There are two primary ways that STDs can be transmitted. HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis (sometimes referred to as the “discharge diseases”) are transmitted when infected semen or vaginal fluids contact mucosal surfaces such as the male urethra, vagina, or cervix. In contrast, “genital ulcer diseases” such as herpes, syphilis, and HPV are primarily transmitted through contact with infected skin or mucosal surfaces (CDC).

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that male latex condoms provide an essentially impermeable barrier to particles the size of STD pathogens. However, it must be noted that condoms provide different levels of protection for different STDs. Because condoms block the discharge of semen or protect the male urethra against exposure to vaginal secretions, a greater level of protection is provided for the discharge diseases. Less protection is provided for the genital ulcer diseases because these infections can be transmitted by exposure to areas that are not covered by the condom (CDC).

Continuing Research

In addition, epidemiologic studies have also been conducted to measure the protective effect of condoms by comparing the rates of STDs between condom-using populations and non-using populations in real-life settings. Such studies have demonstrated that as condom use increases within a population, the rates of STDs decline within that group (CDC). While these studies are helpful to our understanding of condom use and STDs, researchers are continuously looking for methods to diagnose, treat, and prevent STDs (NIAID).

You can find out more about STDs, their symptoms, and their treatments by contacting the National STD Hotline, supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). You can also call the Hotline at 1-800-227-8922. The CDC also supports the National Center for HIV, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, which offers information on STDs (NICHD).

References:

Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infections (STDs and STIs) and HIV/AIDS Research. Retrieved September 4, 2008, from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Web Site: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/womenshealth/research/disorders/stdhiv.cfm.

Sexually Transmitted Infections. Retrieved September 4, 2008, from the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID) Web Site: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/sti/

National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from the Department of Health and Human Services’ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Web Site: http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/.

Wholesome Diet, Wholesome Body for You and Your Kids

You are what you eat. You probably heard this saying many times from grandma persuading you to eat the peas when you were a child to the recent granola bar commercial shown on television. These days are common for both parents out working with lesser time to prepare health meals for the children. Children eat whatever is available for them such as a bag of potato chips and a can of soda instead of homemade meatloaf with mixed vegetables and a glass of orange juice. Today’s children are not getting proper nutrition from junk foods, candies, and soft drinks they consume daily for a healthy development. To make their diet healthy for the body, fruit and vegetables, along with meat and dairy and wheat products are needed to be consume daily for the necessary vitamins and minerals.

According to CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the many vitamins, minerals and natural substances, such as vitamin A and fiber from fruits and vegetables may protect you and your children from simple infections to deadly coronary heart disease respectively. You and your children use these vitamins and minerals daily to maintain and improve the body. The CDC research shows the following statistics about the lack of consumption of nutritious foods among children.

• Eighty percent of high school students do not eat fruits and vegetables 5 or more times per day.

• Only 39% of children ages 2-17 meet the USDA’s dietary recommendation for fiber (found primarily in dried beans and peas, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains).

• Eighty-five percent of adolescent females do not consume enough calcium. During the last 25 years, consumption of milk, the largest source of calcium, has decreased 36% among adolescent females. Additionally, from 1978 to 1998, average daily soft drink consumption almost doubled among adolescent females, increasing from 6 ounces to 11 ounces, and almost tripled among adolescent males, from 7 ounces to 19 ounces.

But how are you to make sure your children’s diet is pack with the essential vitamins and minerals for the day. Well, here are a couple of simple tips from KidsHealth.

Since children eat whatever is available for them, it is best to put the nutritious food in front of them. KidsHealth suggests the following:

Work fruits and vegetables into the daily routine, aiming for the goal of at least five servings a day. Be sure you serve fruit or vegetables at every meal.

Make it easy for your child to choose healthy snacks by keeping fruits and vegetables on hand and ready to eat. Other good snacks include low-fat yogurt, peanut butter and celery, or whole-grain crackers and cheese.

Serve lean meats and other good sources of protein, such as fish, eggs, beans, and nuts

Limit sugary drinks, such as soda and fruit-flavored drinks. Serve water and low-fat milk instead.

There are more ways to put healthier foods into you and your children. Remember you are what you eat.

For more information on healthy foods and tips on a balanced diet visit:

More recipes & information – www.smartfoodshealthykids.com/

Quick snacks tips – parentcenter.babycenter.com/0_quick-and-healthy-snacks-for-kids_66905.pc

Information from a pediatric – www.drgreene.com/21_190.html

Fast food alternatives – children.webmd.com/child-nutrition-8/fast-food-alternatives

Sources:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Nutrition and the Health of Young People. Retrieved August 27, 2008, from www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/nutrition/facts.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Nutirtion Information. Retrieved August 27, 2008, from www.fruitandveggiematter.gov/benefites/nutrition_guide.html

KidsHealth. (2008). Healthy Eating. Retrieved August 27, 2008, from kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/habits.html

KidsHealth. (2008). School Lunches. Retrieved August 27, 2008, from kidshealth.org/parent/food/general/lunch.html

What is First Aid?

First aid is any assistance that can be given to a victim before medical help arrives. It can range from putting a bandaid on a cut to administering CPR. It is important for all adults to have a functional knowledge of how to handle common medical emergencies.

The some of the most common injuries/emergencies requiring First Aid are:

• Anaphylaxis
• Animal bites
• Black eye
• Blisters
• Bruise

• Burns
• Heat exhaustion
  
• Heart Attack
  
• Fainting
• Chest pain

• Choking
• Head Trauma
  
• Cuts and scrapes
• Dislocation
• Sprain

• Poisoning
• Fever
• Nosebleeds

• Severe bleeding
  
• Tick bite
  
• Sunburn
• Spider bite
  
• Motion Sickness
  

Click on the link below to learn more about how to care for the injuries/emergencies listed above

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/FirstAidIndex/FirstAidIndex

How Can I Learn More About First Aid?

Many hospitals, health departments, and other health organizations will offer First Aid and CPR classes to its community members. In these classes you will have the opportunity to learn directly from health professionals. You will be able to observe as well as demonstrate First Aid procedures for most of the common injuries/emergencies mentioned earlier. Upon successful completion of the course you will receive a certification in First Aid and CPR.

To find out more about First Aid/CPR classes in your area, you can contact your local health department or hospital. You can also visit the American Red Cross website to search for classes in your area.

http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/community.html

References:

Mayo Clinic

http://www.mayoclinic.com/

American Red Cross

http://www.redcross.org

Being Prepared for First Aid

Medical emergencies do not occur every day, but being prepared and knowing how to treat them can help you keep your calm in these situations. You should keep at least one first aid kit in your home and one in every car you and your family own.

How to Make a First Aid Kit:
Whether it is a bee sting or a cut, a well stocked first aid kit will have all the supplies you need to treat minor ailments. A first aid kit should include:
First Aid Manual
Sterile Gauze
Adhesive Tape
Adhesive Bandages in Several Sizes
Elastic Bandages
Antiseptic Wipes
Soap
Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen
Tweezers
Sharp Scissors
Safety Pins
Disposable Instant Cold Packs
Calamine Lotion
Alcohol Wipes or Ethyl Alcohol
Thermometer
Plastic Gloves
Antibiotic Cream
Antiseptic Solution
Hydrocortisone Cream
Flashlight and Extra Batteries
Mouthpiece for Administering CPR
List of Emergency Phone Numbers
Blanket (Stored Nearby)

Make sure that you read the first aid manual and know how to properly use all the items in the kit. Make sure you also train your family in how to use the kit, because you may be the one who needs the treatment! The best place to keep your first aid kit is in your kitchen, since this is where many activities take place. The bathroom is not a good place to keep your kit because the humidity can shorten the shelf life of many items.

A list of emergency numbers can also be useful in case a minor injury or sickness turns into something more serious. An easy template for all your local emergency numbers can be found at:
http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/sheets/emergency_contact.html

Sources:
Web MD: First Aid Kits http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/first-aid-kits
Kid’s Health: First Aid Kit http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/home/firstaid_kit.html
University of Maryland Medical Center: First Aid http://www.umm.edu/non_trauma/firstaid.htm

Top 5 Reasons to Visit the Dentist and Oral Care at Any Age

While practicing good oral hygiene is vital to your holistic health, there is only so much that personal oral maintenance can do. A normal person can easily overlook conditions that could greatly complicate or even end his or her life. Thus, visiting your dentist for regular checkups is just as important as brushing your teeth, flossing, and eating a balanced diet. The following is a list of reasons why you should visit your dentist frequently:

1) To prevent gum disease

Gum disease, specifically gingivitis, is a leading cause of tooth decay and tooth loss. If gum disease is discovered and diagnosed early, it can be treated efficiently and then nullified. However, if left untreated, gum disease can advance to become periodontitus, a more severe and irreversible stage. This may then lead to serious damage of the gum tissue and jaw bone, causing your teeth to fall out. This late stage of gum disease can also increase your risk of developing a heart attack or stroke.

(See http://video.about.com/dentistry/Gingivitis.htm for a video about the causes and effects of gingivitis.)

2) To prevent oral cancer

According to the Oral Cancer Foundation, a United States citizen will die from this type of cancer every hour of every day. Of similar concern is the fact that out of the 34,000 newly diagnosed Americans every year, only half of these people will be alive in the next five years. However, while attending your regular dental checkup, your dentist and oral hygienist screen you for this specific cancer. Thus, if you have oral cancer, there is an extremely good chance that you can be cured of it if diagnosed early.

3) To avoid losing your teeth

Without your teeth, normal eating habits can obviously be far more difficult. Also, taking care of your natural teeth now will help you avoid paying for dentures later. As stated previously, gum disease can easily lead to adult tooth loss, but regular visits to your dentist and good oral hygiene can prevent it.

4) To prevent dental emergencies

Toothaches, a broken jaw, chipped teeth, and other dental emergencies can be easily circumvented with regular dental visits. Early signs or symptoms of these unpleasant and potentially painful conditions can be detected and treated by your dentist. If left untreated, you may have to endure root canals or forced tooth removals in order to cure these problems.

(See http://video.about.com/dentistry/Root-Canal.htm for a video about root canal procedures.)

5) To help maintain good overall health

Since gum disease is a major risk factor for heart disease, stoke, and certain forms of cancer, regular visits to your dentist can help you prevent and treat this disease. Thus, by treating your conditions early and learning from your dentist how to prevent oral damage, you can achieve better health and more quality years of life.

There are many aspects of good oral hygiene that are very age specific. The following information is divided into age groups with listed tips.

Infants:

• For mothers to be, tetracycline, a common antibiotic, can cause tooth discoloration for your baby and should not be used by nursing mothers or by expectant mothers in the last half of pregnancy.
• Teething usually starts at around 6 months and should be brushed and flossed daily
• Avoid baby bottle decay by not allowing your baby to fall asleep with a bottle full of juice or milk (try water or a pacifier) and make sure to wipe teeth and gums with a gentle cloth or gums after feeding
• If your water is not fluoridated, ask your doctor about daily fluoride supplements, because fluoride is very important even before teeth start forming

Toddlers/Children

• As teeth begin to grow in, this may be very painful so gently rubbing gums with your finger, a frozen teething ring or a pain relief medication can help (contact your dentist or pediatrician about prescriptions)
• Thumb sucking is a natural reflex for toddlers, but the habit may result in permanent bite issues (i.e. buck teeth or overbite) so stopping this behavior through positive reinforcement (praise for not sucking on thumb) or bitter tasting medication can help
• Make sure to use a pea-size amount of fluoride toothpaste when brushing your child’s teeth
• Regular dental appointments should begin being scheduled at age two

Teenagers

• Make sure you talk to your teen about the importance of oral hygiene especially potential teeth stains, bad breath and missing teeth without brushing twice a day and flossing once daily
• Set a good example by practicing good oral hygiene yourself
• Keep junk foods at a low around the household, instead keep fresh fruits and vegetables around for snacking
• Discourage oral piercing as they can be risky and increase risk for oral infections and can cause injury to the entire mouth or teeth

Adults

• Brush twice daily and floss once to remove plaque that can cause tooth decay
• Watch for signs of gingivitis (gum disease) such as redness, swelling or tenderness and contact your dentist if you experience any
• Visit the dentist for regular cleanings
• Limit sugary foods and eat an otherwise healthy diet
• If sensitivity to cold or hot liquids, as it can with age, you should increase contact your dentist
  

Sources:

“Top 5 Reasons to Visit the Dentist” by Tammy Davenport, http://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalhealth/tp/visit_dentist.htm

The Oral Cancer Foundation, http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/

The American Dental Association, http://www.ada.org/

Colgate Family Guide to Oral Care, http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Information/OralHealthBasics/GoodOralHygiene/OralHygieneBasics/FamilyGuideOralHealth.cvsp

General Information About Good Oral Hygiene

For you and your family, good oral hygiene is important for maintaining your body’s overall health. According to the Caucus Educational Corporation, poor oral health has been linked to heart and lung disease, diabetes, stroke, low-birth weight and premature births. Also, many diseases give their first warning signs in the form of oral problems, signaling another clinical problem, so keeping up good oral health habits is extremely important.

There are four basic steps to maintain good oral health (Colgate):

1. Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste.

2. Floss every day.

3. Limit the number of times you snack.

4. Visit the dentist regularly.

When brushing and flossing, proper technique is important. Reference the site below for instructional pictures:

http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Information/OralHealthBasics/GoodOralHygiene/OralHygieneBasics/FamilyGuideOralHealth.cvsp

Without consistent care several oral health problems can result. Immediate risks include gingivitis, cavities, tooth decay, and other gum diseases and can eventually result in oral cancer. This “silent epidemic” (U.S. Surgeon General) can be avoided through regular prevention and treatment at home and from your dentist.

In addition to these important factors in maintaining oral health, there are several other ways to prevent related health problems in your family (U.S. Surgeon General):

1. Serve as a role model for your children by practicing good oral health care habits yourself.

2. Check your children’s mouth for signs of gum disease such as bleeding gums, swollen gums, gums receding away from teeth, and bad breath.

3. Eat a balanced diet including foods high in calcium, and vitamin C.

4. Educate your children about the health risks of tobacco use. Smoking is the number one preventable risk factor for gum diseases.

Below are several books with information about oral hygiene for children and families:

1. The Intelligent Consumer's Complete Guide to Dental Health: How to Maintain Your Dental Health and Avoid Being Overcharged and Overtreated by Jay W. Friedman. Paperback. Publisher: Authorhouse

2. The Complete Guide to Better Dental Care by Jerry F. Taintor, Mary Jane Taintor. Paperback. Checkmark Books

3. Your Child's Dental Health: Womb to Wisdom Teeth by Vicki Audette, Joleen Jackson, McHenry Lee. Paperback. IHD Publishing

4. Brushing Well by Helen Frost. Dental Health. Library Binding.

5. Oral Health Education by Vickie Kimbrough, Karen Henderson. Paperback. Prentice Hall

6. Essentials of Dental Hygiene: Clinical Skills by Mary Danusis Cooper, Lauri Wiechmann. Paperback. Publisher: Prentice Hall

7. Healthy Teeth for Kids: A Preventive Program : Prebirth Through the Teens, Paperback, Twin Streams

Sources:

Colgate World of Care

http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Information/OralHealthBasics/GoodOralHygiene/OralHygieneBasics/FamilyGuideOralHealth.cvsp

Learn4Good

http://www.learn4good.com/health/dental_health.htm

Caucus Educational Corporation

http://www.caucusnj.org/caucusnj/special_series/oralhealth/importance.asp

U.S. Surgeon General

http://www.perio.org/consumer/children.news.htm

How can diabetes be treated?

How can diabetes be treated?

The American Diabetes Association is reporting that one in three American’s born in 2000 will develop diabetes within their life time. With that prevalence, it is imperative that the general population is aware of how to maintain the highest quality of life with the disease. Proper nutrition, weight loss, exercise and medication are crucial treatment for people with diabetes. As a diabetic, one’s body is already fighting a daily battle, so it is important to provide the body with proper nutrients to allow for as normal function as possible. A food guide pyramid has been included below to help provide an idea of an appropriate diet.

Since diabetes causes high levels of sugar in the blood stream, it is important that the diet of a diabetic consists of as little sugar as possible. This can be very difficult since many foods contain sugar in various forms. While candy seems like an obvious sugar culprit, milk, starch, and carbohydrate laden foods also break down into sugar once consumed. This excess sugar must somehow then be removed.

Insulin is the hormone people with diabetes require to break down this excess sugar. This hormone now comes in many forms that vary in reaction time. Some forms of insulin are fast acting and can reduce blood sugar in a matter of minutes, but they do not last long. Other forms take about an hour to begin acting, but last most of the day. There are also insulin types with reaction times between the slow acting and fast acting that last somewhere between those times as well. Insulin can be injected either with a standard needle or with a pump system. If the excess sugar in the bloodstream is not removed, a wide array of infections can occur. Just as people like sugar, so do bacteria. These infections can lead to terrible side effects such as death of limbs, nervous system damage, and blindness. In fact, the National Institutes of Health is reporting diabetes as the leading cause of blindness among adults age 20-74. However, research has shown that even minor changes to control blood sugar levels provide excellent health benefits. For example, lowering one’s blood sugar by one point can reduce the risk for microvascular disease, such as of the eye, kidneys and nervous system, by up to 40%. A physician should monitor the blood sugar of a patient with diabetes and help the patient determine the best insulin types for his or her body.

Exercise is also an important factor in diabetes. Exercise is important for overall health and maintaining a healthy heart, bones, and muscle mass, but in people with diabetes it also has additional benefits. Not only does moderate exercise help regulate the levels of sugar in the blood naturally, but it also helps with mental health. Patients with diabetes are notorious for suffering from depression. Exercise has been proven to help fight depression and increase overall mood. For patients with severe depression, anti-depressants may be prescribed.

References:

For additional information regarding diet, check out this website: http://www.diabetes.org/nutrition-and-recipes/nutrition/foodpyramid.jsp

For statistics regarding the effects of diabetes on your health, please see the National Institute of Health’s website:

http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm#complications

Teen Suicide: The Facts

Teen Suicide: The Facts
The following information concerning teen suicide is meant to be brief and assessable. Below you will find general statistics, warning signs, advice for concerned friends and family, and resources for those who are considering suicide.
Statistics
· Someone commits suicide every 17 minutes
· Suicide is the third leading cause of death among 15 to 24 year olds
· Suicide accounts for $25 billion each year in costs
· 53% of young people who commit suicide abuse substances
· 4x as many men commit suicide as women, while women attempt 3x more frequently
· Over 50% of teens with depression will attempt suicide at least once, seven percent will succeed
· Firearms are used in more than half of all youth suicides

Warning Signs
Regardless of the teenager, they are likely to be dealing with a few of the problems listed below. The red alert should be sounding if you notice several of these problems occurring around the same time. Remember, 4 out of 5 teen suicide attempts have been preceded by clear warning signs.talking about a suicide plan, including “when, where & how”
have previous suicidal gestures
-a previous suicide attempt
-giving away possessions
-depression and hopelessness
-abrupt changes in behavior
- withdrawal from friends and social activities
-increased substance use (alcohol and other drugs)
-recent loss or life changes (death in family, divorce, loss of a relationship)
-neglect of hygiene and personal appearance

Question, Persuade, Refer (A tool for concerned friends and family)
-Question If you suspect a friend or family member has suicidal thoughts, ask them. It will be a lot easier for you and them once the question is asked. “Do you have thoughts of killing yourself?” “Do you have a plan?” Asking the tough questions will only save lives.

-Persuade Listen and then tell them that you are concerned for their safety, that they have people in their lives that care and love them. Insist that they have other options.

Refer This is certainly an issue bigger than you can handle. Refer them to counseling services, authority figures, crisis hotlines, or any community outlets that might be available (eg. Church). Offer to take them to any of these services. Do not keep this a secret, tell someone who can help.

Suicide Hotlines and Other Resources
-USA: 1-800-SUICIDE, 1-800-273-TALK; Web: http://www.suicidehotlines.com
-Canada: 1-800-448-1833; Web: http://suicidehotlines.com/canada.html
-Australia: 1300 13 11 14; Web: http://www.lifeline.org.au

-Other International sites
http://www.suicide-helplines.org
http://www.befrienders.org -
http://suicideandmentalhealthassociationinternational.org/Crisis.html
·

Support Groups: USA
o http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=82
· For gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and questioning youth:
-USA: 1-866-488-7386; Web: http://www.thetrevorproject.org/
-USA: 1-888-843-4564; Web: http://www.glnh.org/hotline/index.html

Suicide Prevention Programs (for health educators)
· http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/Preventing_Suicide.pdf

Resources:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/Preventing_Suicide.pdf
http://www.cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=4-40&lang=1#notes
http://www.healthyminds.org/multimedia/teensuicide.pdf

Teen Suicide

Karra is a sixteen-year-old girl who has been under an extreme amount of stress lately. She has been struggling in school and is failing one of her classes. She just broke up with her boyfriend and her parents are going through a divorce. She feels like there is no way out of her saddened life. She feels like her only option is…. suicide.
Suicide is a real issue looking today’s youth in the face each and every day. Maybe you have been in Karra’s situation where you feel there is no other way out. Maybe you know someone who has thought about attempting suicide, or maybe you know someone who has taken their life because they thought there was no other way out. Statistics show that one in every ten teens has suicidal thoughts. In Clay County Missouri the number of suicides and suicidal attempts has become an issue. In 2006 eight people in Clay County, between the ages of 15 and 24, committed suicide. Of those eight attempts, three of them were committed by the use of a firearm and five of them by the use of other means (U.S.DHSS, 2007). Although there are no cures for the successful attempt, there are signs, which everyone can look for to help either yourself or a friend in need.
Suicidal thoughts enter the minds of teens due to feelings of sadness, stressful events, feelings of being overwhelmed, and the fear that their depressive state will never get better. Some events that may cause these feeling include but are not limited to the death of someone close, violence in the home, divorce of their parents, struggling in school, depression, drugs and alcohol use or abuse, break- ups with boyfriends or girlfriends, feeling like they do not belong, feeling alone, etc (USDHSS, 2006).
If you know someone who has suicidal thoughts, or you yourself are having suicidal thoughts, there are things that can be done to help. The most important thing you can do is take the suicidal thoughts seriously. Do not tell them that these thoughts will go away or they will get better on their own. The next thing you should do is notify an adult of the suicidal thoughts. This can be your parents, a teacher, a counselor, a doctor, etc. Tell someone who can help. You can also listen to them while they talk about their feelings. Never tell them not to worry about their feelings, or that the feelings will go away on their own and they will get better on their own. Never leave anyone alone that you feel may be in danger of hurting themselves. There are also hotlines, which can be used if needed. The hotline centers have trained professionals who can talk about problems and sort through their feelings (U.S. DHSS, 2006).
If you know someone is suicidal there are things, which can serve as protective factors. This includes but is not limited to clinical care for those with psychological disorders, limited access to items that can be used to attempt suicide, a strong support system of friends, family, and health care personnel, help developing skills to cope with stressful situation, and a strong support system of religious beliefs (U.S.DHSS, 2006).
The most important thing to remember is to always take any suicidal thoughts seriously. These thoughts are not a joke, and this is a sign that the person in need, needs help.

References:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2006). Teen suicide. WebMd. Retrieved on September 3, 2008 from:
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/teen-suicide

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services /MICA (2007). Missouri Information for Community Assessment. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Retrieved on September 3, 2008 from:
http://www.dhss.mo.gov/MICA/

Should I eat this?

Quick Lesson on Nutrition Facts Labels

When choosing what kinds of foods to eat, it is important to have some idea of what kind of nutritious value the food product contains. Many individuals are aware of nutrition facts labels but do not know how to read them or do not realize how important label-reading can be. Once one knows how to read a nutrition label, he or she will be able to find and compare foods that are nourishing and important for specific needs, such as low-sodium or low-cholesterol diets. In order to help those individuals better understand what food labels actually mean, here is a crash course on nutrition facts label reading!

There are eight major sections to note when reading a nutrition label: serving size; total calories and calories from fat; percent daily values; nutrients to limit, such as total fat, sodium, and cholesterol; nutrients to get plenty of, such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber; additional nutrients; the ingredients list; and the footnotes.

The serving size tells you the amount of one serving and the number of servings per container or package. The rest of the nutrition label is distributed according to the serving size; therefore if one were to eat more or less than the listed serving size, the total amount of nutrients would also be more or less.

Total calories and calories from fat tell how much energy the food contains. This section is a highly important section due to the fact that many people eat far more calories than their bodies require, which means the excess calories are stored in the body as fat. These excess calories may be coming from foods that are low in necessary nutrients too, which would not benefit the body in any way. Taking note of the calories is important and helpful when managing weight gain, loss, or maintaining current weight.

Percent daily values are also something to take into consideration. These values are given based on a 2,000 calorie per day diet. Some individuals require a higher calorie intake and some require less, therefore it is important to adapt certain diets to adhere to specific needs. Youth typically need more calories in their diets as they are growing; however, each individual is different so it key to use the percent daily values as a starting block or more general estimate.

Nutrients to limit are listed right below the total calories and calories from fat. They typically consist of fat (including Trans fats and saturated fats), cholesterol, and sodium. These nutrients tend to increase risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and cancer. It is recommended to aim for low intakes of these nutrients.

Some nutrients that should be focused on include fiber, Vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron. Higher percentages of these in food products are usually better for most diets due to lack of proper nutrient intake.

Additional nutrients include those such as carbohydrates and sugars. Healthy sources of these nutrients include whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Starchy foods, such as white bread and enriched carbohydrates, should be limited to achieve optimal health.

Ingredients lists show what products are in the food. Items are listed in descending order by weight. The list also indicates any allergens present in the food product.
Footnotes remind individuals that all percentages are based on diets of 2,000 calories per day, so it is important to keep in mind personal daily caloric needs may be more or less than what is listed.

These components of the nutrition label all have importance and are means to knowing and understanding what is being put in your body. A few other things to consider are condiments such as ketchup and mustard as well as mayonnaise and salad dressings. Condiments can add a number of calories to any food, so be sure not to overlook these add-ins when analyzing your diet.

References:
American Dietetics Association
Mayo Clinic
FDA
Department of Health and Human Services

What is Diabetes?

What is Diabetes?

Many people think diabetes is caused by eating too much sugar, but this not always true. There are actually many causes of diabetes both genetic and lifestyle related. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported in June 2008 that 24 million people in the U.S. alone suffer from diabetes. Twenty-five percent of these people are 60 years and older. The risk for death among people with diabetes is about twice that of people without diabetes of similar age.

Genetically speaking, diabetes occurs because the body cannot produce enough insulin, and is known as Type 1 insulin dependence. Type 2 insulin resistance is lifestyle oriented and occurs when the body does not produce or use insulin properly. Since Type 2 diabetes is lifestyle oriented, lifestyle changed can often be made to control the disease. For this reason, more detail is provided regarding this type of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is chronic condition that affects the way body metabolizes sugar (glucose). In a healthy person, blood glucose level are regulated by several hormones, such as insulin which is produce by pancreas. Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood to the liver, muscle, and fat cell where it is uses for fuel. In Type 2 diabetes, cells are partially or completely unable to use the insulin, which is called insulin resistance. The body tries to overcome this problem by secreting more and more insulin. Overtime this can raise the risk for kidney failure and blindness as well as heart disease.

Diabetes type 2 is typically recognized in adulthood, usually in overweight and obese people. Unfortunately a person may have the disease for many years without knowing it. Common symptoms of diabetes are fatigue, unexplained weight loss, excessive thirst, excessive urination, excessive eating, poor wound healing, infections, altered mental status and blurry vision.

References:

http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/general05.htm

http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/diabetes/en/

Physical Activity Worksite


A worksite wellness program is an organized program for employees designed to enrich physical, mental, emotional and occupational well-being. A major goal of a worksite wellness program is to make the work environment more supportive of health behaviors. Worksite wellness programs can be organized through a team or committee of employees that meets to plan activities and environmental changes that promote good health.

There are many varieties of worksite wellness programs. Essentially, worksite wellness programs encourage people to take measures to prevent the onset or worsening of a disease or illness and to adopt lifestyles that are healthier. Employers may implement a wide range of worksite wellness programs, from onsite gyms to simple worksite wellness newsletters.

Worksite wellness programs are an investment in the company’s most important resource, the workers. Studies have shown that workers are more likely to be on the job and performing well when feeling well both physically and mentally. Employees are much more likely to be attracted to, remain with, and appreciate a business that appreciates them.

What can you do?


Practice Wellness: Take care of yourself and be a role model for your coworkers. Bring a nutritious lunch to work, park in the farthest space away from your building, drink water instead of soda and take stretch breaks often.
Participate: Ask your human resources office if wellness activities are available to you. If so, use the programs. Attend health fairs, answer surveys about your wellness interests and join onsite classes.
Do More: Join a committee, help design lifestyle programs, and assist with health-friendly work environment and organization wide wellness policies. Be an ambassador for wellness among your coworkers.
Start a Committee: If your office does not have a wellness initiative, ask your manager to support your efforts to create one.

Fitness at Work

Employees’ health, productivity and quality of life can be improved if they are given opportunities for physical activity during the day or offered an incentive for being healthy. Research indicates that exercise at work works! Employers can provide opportunity and encouragement for employees to get moving during the work day.
There are many worksite wellness programs available and it is easy to customize a program to the needs of your company.

Research indicates that exercise at work works! Employers can provide opportunity and encouragement for employees to get moving during the work day.
Worksite Physical Activity
Hold a Walking Meeting
Encourage employees to hold a "Walking Meeting" when possible. Some meetings don't require pen and paper just a melding of minds, for these instances, encourage employees to get out of the building and stretch their legs, as well as their minds, as they walk paths or sidewalks around the facility together.
Finding Inspiration on the Treadmill
When your job asks you to brainstorm on regular basis, even a marketing wunderkind will hit the creative wall once in a while. To keep those mental blocks to a minimum, Dr. Amantha Imber recommends aerobic exercise.
• Going to the gym or at least for a brisk walk ahead of your brainstorming sessions.
• Scheduling lunchtime walking groups to encourage creativity during the afternoon.
• Considering mini-workouts when you're in the middle of extended creative sessions.
Worksite Physical Activity
Take the Stairs Signs
Encourage employees to take the stairs by posting fun signs near elevators or at stairwell entrances. If your stairwells are a little run down use a stairwell makeover guide for ideas on how to improve them to help increase your employee’s physical activity during the workday.
Source: Signs provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Sources and for further information:

Amantha, Imber Fit City Challege. Retrieved September 1, 2008, from Worksite Physical Activity Web site: www.fitcitychallenge.org/Worksite


Fit City Challenge, (2008). Fit City Challege. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from Fitness at Work Web site: www.fitcitychallenge.org/Worksite


NC HealthSmart Worksite Wellness, What is Worksite Health?. Retrieved September 5, 2008, from NC HealthSmart Worksite Wellness Web site: www.shpnc.org